TABLE 3.
Multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of hip and total fractures by quartile (Q) of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake1
| No. of subjects | Hip fracture |
Total fracture |
|||||||
| PUFAs | HR (95% CI)2 | P | HR (95% CI)3 | P | HR (95% CI)2 | P | HR (95% CI)3 | P | |
| n−3 Fatty acids | |||||||||
| Total n−3 | |||||||||
| Q1 (0.08, 0.58% of energy) | 34,203 | 1.00 | 0.747 | 1.00 | 0.826 | 1.00 | 0.021 | 1.00 | 0.260 |
| Q2 (0.58, 0.74% of energy) | 34,348 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | ||||
| Q3 (0.74, 0.93% of energy) | 34,070 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | ||||
| Q4 (0.93, 5.64% of energy) | 34,227 | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | ||||
| ALA | |||||||||
| Q1 (0.08, 0.51% of energy) | 34,232 | 1.00 | 0.177 | 1.00 | 0.565 | 1.00 | 0.006 | 1.00 | 0.257 |
| Q2 (0.51, 0.65% of energy) | 34,193 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | ||||
| Q3 (0.65, 0.84% of energy) | 34,298 | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | ||||
| Q4 (0.84, 5.61% of energy) | 34,125 | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 0.95 (0.92, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | ||||
| EPA + DHA | |||||||||
| Q1 (0, 0.03% of energy) | 33,531 | 1.00 | 0.004 | 1.00 | 0.133 | 1.00 | 0.006 | 1.00 | 0.010 |
| Q2 (0.03, 0.05% of energy) | 35,218 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | ||||
| Q3 (0.05, 0.09% of energy) | 33,619 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | ||||
| Q4 (0.09, 1.6% of energy) | 34,480 | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.01) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | ||||
| n−6 Fatty acids | |||||||||
| Total n−6 | |||||||||
| Q1 (0.61, 4.47% of energy) | 34,250 | 1.00 | 0.385 | 1.00 | 0.382 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.009 |
| Q2 (4.47, 5.61% of energy) | 34,214 | 0.94 (0.81, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | ||||
| Q3 (5.61, 6.94% of energy) | 34,200 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | ||||
| Q4 (6.94, 28.33% of energy) | 34,184 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.89, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.98) | ||||
ALA, α-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid. HRs and 95% CIs were obtained from Cox proportional hazard models. P values are from tests for linear trend.
Models were adjusted for age and ethnicity.
Models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, marital status, family history of fracture, fracture on or after age 55 y, number of falls in past year, height, weight, total vitamin D intake, hormone therapy history, antianxiety or antidepressant medication use, bisphosphonate use, corticosteroid use, smoking status, arthritis, depression, general health assessment, parity, treated diabetes, weekly exercise, and total calcium intake.