Table 2.
Prior parenting practices predicting changes in conduct problems from age 6.5 to 16.5
| Predictors | Conduct Problems (T + 1) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teacher report |
Parent report |
|||||
| B | SE | z | B | SE | z | |
| Physical punishment | ||||||
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Prior conduct problems | 0.64 | 0.01 | 48.89*** | 0.74 | 0.01 | 70.32*** |
| Age | 0.04 | 0.01 | 4.15*** | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.17 |
| Age2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.77 |
| African-American | 0.20 | 0.04 | 5.09 *** | −0.05 | 0.02 | −2.72 ** |
| Physical punishment (PP) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 2.88 ** | 0.09 | 0.02 | 4.07 *** |
| Step 2 | ||||||
| Age×PP | −0.02 | 0.01 | −2.09 * | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.91 |
| Age2×PP | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.88 |
| African-American×PP | 0.17 | 0.07 | 2.50* | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.65 |
| Poor parental monitoring | ||||||
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Prior conduct problems | 0.64 | 0.01 | 49.74*** | 0.74 | 0.01 | 69.53*** |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.69*** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 |
| Age2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.53 |
| African-American | 0.21 | 0.04 | 5.26*** | −0.04 | 0.02 | −2.16* |
| Poor monitoring (PM) | 0.30 | 0.11 | 2.65** | 0.16 | 0.07 | 2.45* |
| Step 2 | ||||||
| Age×PM | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −1.75 |
| Age2×PM | −0.01 | 0.00 | −2.14* | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.04 |
| African-American×PM | −0.25 | 0.22 | −1.16 | −0.14 | 0.12 | −1.15 |
| Timid parenting | ||||||
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Prior conduct problems | 0.64 | 0.01 | 49.85*** | 0.73 | 0.01 | 66.79*** |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.77*** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.16 |
| Age2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.74 |
| African-American | 0.23 | 0.04 | 5.96*** | −0.03 | 0.02 | −1.43 |
| Timid parenting (TP) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 3.43*** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 4.92*** |
| Step 2 | ||||||
| Age×TP | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.90 |
| Age2×TP | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.41 |
| African-American×TP | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.70 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −1.09 |
| Low positive reinforcement | ||||||
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Prior conduct problems | 0.64 | 0.01 | 50.17*** | 0.74 | 0.01 | 70.88*** |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.70*** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Age2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.57 |
| African-American | 0.22 | 0.04 | 5.68*** | −0.03 | 0.02 | −1.79 |
| Low positive reinforcement (PR) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.67 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 3.87*** |
| Step 2 | ||||||
| Age×PR | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.23 |
| Age2×PR | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.27 |
| African-American×PR | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.17 |
| Low parental involvement | ||||||
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Prior conduct problems | 0.64 | 0.01 | 49.72*** | 0.73 | 0.01 | 68.00*** |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.60*** | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.27 |
| Age2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.56 |
| African-American | 0.22 | 0.04 | 5.60*** | −0.04 | 0.02 | −2.07* |
| Low parental involvement (PI) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.28* | 0.03 | 0.01 | 5.30*** |
| Step 2 | ||||||
| Age×PI | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.77 |
| Age2×PI | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.10 |
| African-American×PI | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.70 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.15 |
| Poor parent–child communication | ||||||
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Prior conduct problems | 0.64 | 0.01 | 49.22*** | 0.74 | 0.01 | 67.83*** |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.01 | 3.80*** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27 |
| Age2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.67 |
| African-American | 0.20 | 0.04 | 5.13*** | −0.05 | 0.02 | −2.46* |
| Poor parent–child communication (PC) | 0.02 | 0.00 | 4.79*** | 0.01 | 0.00 | 4.28*** |
| Step 2 | ||||||
| Age×PC | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.64 |
| Age2×PC | 0.00 | 0.00 | −1.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.45 |
| African-American×PC | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.98 |
Time-varying predictors are measured at time T and conduct problem outcomes are measured at time T+1. All time intervals are 6 months apart. Prior conduct problems were measured using the same informant that reported on the outcome (i.e., either parent or teacher). The effects are after controlling for cohort, parental age, single parenthood, parental employment, number of kids in the home, family SES, and parental help-seeking for mental health problems.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001