Table 1.
Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of children and young adults with seasonal influenza A and B or H1N1 influenza and sickle cell disease, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1993-2009
| Variable | Seasonal (n = 94) | H1N1 (n = 29) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) age, years | 4.4 (1.8, 11) | 8.7 (4.9, 13) | .006 |
| Male sex | 59 | 59 | .99 |
| Hemoglobinopathy | |||
| HbSS or HbSβ0thal | 86 | 72 | |
| HbSC | 12 | 24 | |
| HbSβ+thal | 2 | 3 | |
| Chronic red blood cell transfusion therapy | 16 | 28 | .19 |
| History of asthma | 24 | 56 | .002 |
| Any influenza vaccination* | 54 | 67 | .36 |
| Fever (≥ 38.5°C) | 89 | 93 | .53 |
| Emesis | 25 | 29 | .64 |
| Cough | 93 | 93 | .99 |
| Headache | 34 | 48 | .42 |
| Wheezing | 7 | 21 | .07 |
| Crackles | 13 | 26 | .14 |
| Retractions | 8 | 9 | > .99 |
| Nasal flaring | 4 | 5 | > .99 |
| Median (IQR) body mass index, kg/m2† | 16.9 (15.6, 19.7) | 18 (16.4, 22.1) | .12 |
| Therapy with antibacterial agents | 96 | 93 | .63 |
| Therapy with antiviral agents | 36 | 79 | .0005 |
| Therapy with bronchodilators | 35 | 57 | .04 |
| Receipt of red blood cell transfusion | 14 | 34 | .03 |
| Hospitalization | 89 | 86 | .74 |
| Intensive care | 3 | 17 | .02 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0 | 10 | .02 |
| Acute chest syndrome | 13‡ | 34 | .01 |
| Severe pain | 11 | 29 | .03 |
| Asthma exacerbation | 7 | 21 | .03 |
| Median length of stay (IQR) | 2 days (1, 3) | 3 days (1, 5) | .05 |
IQR indicates interquartile range; HbSS, sickle cell anemia; HbSβ0 thal, sickle-β–null thalassemia; Hbsβ+ thal, sickle-β–plus thalassemia; and HbSC, sickle-hemoglobin C disease. Data are presented as percentages unless otherwise indicated.
*
Missing vaccination status for 37 with seasonal and 11 with epidemic influenza.
†
Missing body mass index for 36 with seasonal and 4 with epidemic influenza.
‡
Excludes 8 patients without chest x-rays (low clinical suspicion of acute chest syndrome).