. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. 2010 Oct 7;36(1-2):116–124. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.09.005

Table 2. Relationships between Total Anti-Drug Advertising and Drug-Related Outcomes among US Middle School Students, 1995-2006.

	Anti-drug ad recall weekly or more			Any disapproval of regular marijuana use			Perceive great risk in regular marijuana use			Marijuana fairly/very easy to obtain
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p

Total advertising^a	1.11^†	1.08-1.14	0.000	1.05^‡	1.02-1.09	0.001	1.02^‡	1.00-1.04	0.100	0.99^‡	0.96-1.01	0.363
By campaign phase:
1995-1998	1.07	1.02-1.13	0.003
1999-2002	1.02	0.98-1.06	0.413
2003-2006	1.03	0.97-1.10	0.320
Tagline
ONDCP	1.18	1.02-1.36	0.022	1.00	0.85-1.18	0.975	0.97	0.85-1.10	0.599	0.98	0.84-1.13	0.741
Partnership	1.05	1.01-1.09	0.024	1.02	0.96-1.09	0.444	0.97	0.93-1.01	0.161	0.99	0.94-1.04	0.650
Combined^b	1.00	0.94-1.06	0.918	1.12	1.02-1.23	0.015	1.08	1.01-1.15	0.028	1.00	0.94-1.07	0.939
Substance focus
Non-marijuana	0.96	0.91-1.02	0.180	1.02	0.93-1.11	0.721	0.97	0.91-1.03	0.254	1.05	0.99-1.11	0.130
Marijuana	1.07	1.02-1.13	0.009	1.10	1.03-1.17	0.006	1.06	1.00-1.11	0.031	0.98	0.93-1.04	0.560

	Marijuana use, past 30 days			IOTM use, past 30 days
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p

Total advertising	0.96^‡	0.91-1.00	0.049	0.99^‡	0.95-1.03	0.588
Tagline
ONDCP	1.02	0.81-1.27	0.883	1.00	0.80-1.26	0.981
Partnership	0.95	0.88-1.03	0.235	0.98	0.91-1.07	0.686
Combined	0.88	0.78-0.99	0.036	0.97	0.88-1.07	0.506
Substance focus
Non-marijuana	0.95	0.84-1.07	0.418	0.96	0.87-1.06	0.444
Marijuana	0.89	0.81-0.97	0.010	0.97	0.90-1.05	0.430

Notes: Total advertising measured using a 6-month sum scaled by units of 10. IOTM defined as illicit drugs other than marijuana. Models for total advertising and tagline include data from 1995-2006. Models for substance focus include data from 1999-2006. All models controlled for gender, race/ethnicity, GPA, college plans, parental education, truancy, nights out, income, region, and year.

Results from models without any campaign phase interactions.

Ad tagline noted both ONDCP and PDFA.

^†

Significant interactions with total advertising and campaign phase found (p≤.01 or stronger). Campaign phase interaction models included total advertising, campaign phase dummies (with 1995-1998 as the referent), interactions with total advertising and campaign phase dummies for 1999-2002 and 2003-2006, and all other controls.

^‡

No significant campaign phase interactions found.