Table 3. Relationships between Total Anti-Drug Advertising and Drug-Related Outcomes among US High School Students, 1995-2006.

	Anti-drug ad recall weekly or more			Any disapproval of regular marijuana use			Perceive great risk in regular marijuana use			Marijuana fairly/very easy to obtain
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Total advertisinga	1.10†	1.07-1.12	0.000	1.02†	1.00-1.04	0.062	1.00†	0.99-1.02	0.589	0.98†	0.96-1.01	0.204
By campaign phase:
1995-1998				1.09	1.05-1.14	0.000	1.06	1.03-1.09	0.000	0.90	0.86-0.94	0.000
1999-2002				0.99	0.95-1.03	0.557	0.98	0.95-1.02	0.292	0.99	0.94-1.03	0.558
2003-2006				0.97	0.92-1.02	0.221	0.94	0.90-0.98	0.004	1.09	1.02-1.16	0.009
Tagline
ONDCP	1.29	1.16-1.44	0.000	0.99	0.88-1.12	0.859	0.96	0.85-1.07	0.432	1.04	0.90-1.19	0.604
Partnership	1.03	0.99-1.07	0.123	1.06	1.02-1.11	0.002	1.03	1.00-1.06	0.092	0.93	0.89-0.97	0.001
Combinedb	1.02	0.97-1.07	0.499	1.01	0.95-1.07	0.793	1.01	0.96-1.06	0.708	1.02	0.96-1.10	0.506
Substance focus
Non-marijuana	0.99	0.95-1.05	0.809	1.02	0.97-1.07	0.520	0.97	0.93-1.02	0.260	0.99	0.93-1.06	0.867
Marijuana	1.10	1.06-1.15	0.000	0.98	0.94-1.02	0.351	0.98	0.95-1.02	0.405	1.05	0.99-1.10	0.079
	Marijuana use, past 30 days			IOTM use, past 30 days
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Total advertising	0.98†	0.96-1.00	0.121	0.96‡	0.94-0.99	0.003
By campaign phase:
1995-1998	0.93	0.89-0.97	0.000
1999-2002	1.00	0.96-1.04	0.969
2003-2006	1.03	0.97-1.10	0.277
Tagline
ONDCP	0.98	0.87-1.12	0.807	0.98	0.86-1.10	0.690
Partnership	0.94	0.90-0.98	0.002	0.92	0.88-0.97	0.000
Combined	1.01	0.95-1.07	0.746	1.00	0.94-1.06	0.921
Substance focus
Non-marijuana	0.99	0.94-1.04	0.729	0.98	0.93-1.04	0.460
Marijuana	1.02	0.97-1.06	0.525	1.00	0.95-1.05	0.961

Notes: Total advertising measured using a 6-month sum scaled by units of 10. IOTM defined as illicit drugs other than marijuana. Models for total advertising and tagline include data from 1995-2006. Models for substance focus include data from 1999-2006. All models controlled for grade, gender, race/ethnicity, GPA, college plans, parental education, truancy, nights out, income, region, and year.

^aResults from models without any campaign phase interactions.

^bAd tagline noted both ONDCP and PDFA.

^†Significant interactions with total advertising and campaign phase found (p≤.01 or stronger). Campaign phase interaction models included total advertising, campaign phase dummies (with 1995-1998 as the referent), interactions with total advertising and campaign phase dummies for 1999-2002 and 2003-2006, and all other controls.

^‡No significant campaign phase interactions found.