Table 1.

Evidence for character displacement in the wing coloration of H. titia. Analysis of geographical variation in (a) H. titia red pigmentation, (b) H. titia black pigmentation, and (c) H. titia wing area.

	Sympatric congener
	H. americana			H. occisa			either species
model term	B	z	p	B	z	p	B	z	p
(a) Sources of variation in H. titia red wing spot area
relative abundance	−0.0461	−2.80	0.005	−0.0525	−1.93	0.053	−0.0257	−2.07	0.039
sampling date	0.0006	17.84	<0.001	−0.0002	−1.76	0.078	0.0006	20.66	<0.001
latitude	−0.0030	−1.53	0.127	0.0146	1.03	0.303	−0.0056	−3.79	<0.001
longitude	−0.0089	−3.59	<0.001	—	—	—	−0.0067	−3.50	<0.001
R2	0.696			0.268			0.7292
individuals, sites	632, 13			619, 10			1000, 18
(b) H. titia black wing spot area
relative abundance	0.1273	3.08	0.002	0.2929	2.70	0.007	0.0904	4.28	<0.001
sampling date	0.0028	28.20	<0.001	0.0039	3.17	0.002	0.0028	17.84	<0.001
latitude	−0.0102	−2.09	0.036	−0.1506	−2.53	0.011	−0.0107	−6.60	<0.001
longitude	0.0468	7.59	<0.001		—	—	0.0495	41.79	<0.001
R2	0.7609			0.1622			0.6691
individuals, sites	630, 13			618, 10			998, 18
(c) H. titia wing area
relative abundance	15.6582	1.82	0.069	14.5040	0.82	0.409	7.4818	0.81	0.418
sampling date	0.2313	9.25	<0.001	0.0246	0.15	0.878	0.2245	8.55	<0.001
latitude	−1.0851	−1.10	0.273	−4.0119	−0.43	0.667	−0.0475	−0.04	0.965
longitude	5.3042	4.24	<0.001		—	—	4.4142	3.16	0.002
R2	0.367			0.1224			0.5121
individuals, sites	634, 13			622, 10			1004, 18