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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 16.
Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2010 Feb;53(1):209–223. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0060)

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Models of the association between conversational language and reading. Threshold model (a), in which conversational language relates to reading up to a certain point in development; two-stage reading model (b), in which oral language skills, such as semantics and morphosyntax, contribute to differences in reading as reading skills transition from decoding to comprehension; and subpopulations model (c), in which the relationship between conversational language and reading differs across groups of children with different predispositions to early language learning. Conv. lang. = conversational language; hx = history; exp. = expressive.