Table 3.
Sample distribution, prevalence of depression and mean CES-D scores by categories of sample attributes and self-reported responses, and results of statistical test for mean CES-D scores among categories in 2003
| Baseline items in 2003 | Percentage of category (%) | Prevalence of depression* (%) | 11-item short forms of the CES-D score (mean ± SD) | Statistical test for mean CES-D scores# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | ||||
| Total | 100.0 | 13.8 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | |
| Age (year) | ||||
| 65-69 | 32.8 | 10.2 | 3.8a ± 2.7 | P <= 0.001#1 |
| 70-74 | 25.2 | 13.9 | 4.2 ± 3.0 | |
| 75-79 | 19.5 | 15.9 | 4.3b ± 2.9 | |
| 80-84 | 13.9 | 19.3 | 4.4c ± 2.2 | |
| 85+ | 8.7 | 15.9 | 4.4d ± 2.1 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 55.0 | 16.0 | 4.2 ± 2.8 | P = 0.006 |
| Men | 45.0 | 11.1 | 4.0 ± 2.5 | |
| Sleep duration (h) | ||||
| < 6 | 10.7 | 21.2 | 4.7a ± 3.4 | P < 0.001#2 |
| ≥ 6 to 7 | 19.7 | 13.1 | 4.0b ± 5.0 | |
| ≥ 7 to 8 | 23.9 | 10.7 | 3.8c ± 2.5 | |
| ≥ 8 to 9 | 29.8 | 12.0 | 3.9d ± 2.5 | |
| ≥ 9 | 15.9 | 18.0 | 4.5e ± 2.7 | |
| Educational history | ||||
| Junior high school | 55.4 | 15.9 | 4.3 ± 2.6 | P < 0.001 |
| More than high school | 44.6 | 11.3 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 68.0 | 13.9 | 4.2 ± 2.4 | P = 0.037 |
| Rural | 32.0 | 13.8 | 4.0 ± 2.8 | |
| Sleep disturbance | ||||
| Any ins: Yes | 27.8 | 21.0 | 4.8 ± 3.2 | P < 0.001 |
| No | 72.2 | 10.7 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | |
| DIS: Yes | 11.1 | 34.8 | 6.0 ± 3.7 | P < 0.001 |
| No | 88.9 | 11.2 | 3.9 ± 2.4 | |
| EMA: Yes | 11.5 | 29.1 | 5.7 ± 3.6 | P < 0.001 |
| No | 88.5 | 11.9 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | |
| DMS:Yes | 22.9 | 20.2 | 4.8 ± 3.2 | P < 0.001 |
| No | 77.1 | 11.9 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | |
| EDS: Yes | 8.1 | 28.1 | 5.2 ± 3.9 | P < 0.001 |
| No | 91.9 | 12.6 | 4.0 ± 2.5 | |
| DFL: Yes | 3.7 | 24.4 | 5.3 ± 3.5 | P < 0.001 |
| No | 96.3 | 13.4 | 4.0 ± 2.6 | |
| Subjective sleep sufficiency | ||||
| Insufficient | 16.8 | 23.3 | 5.0 ± 3.2 | P < 0.001 |
| Sufficient | 83.2 | 11.7 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | |
| Psychological stress | ||||
| Yes | 25.1 | 32.9 | 5.7 ± 3.5 | P < 0.001 |
| No | 74.9 | 7.4 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Good | 31.9 | 5.6 | 3.3a ± 2.1 | P < 0.001#3 |
| Fair | 40.3 | 10.1 | 3.9b ± 2.3 | |
| Poor | 27.8 | 32.5 | 5.7c ± 3.3 | |
| Activity of daily living (ADL) | ||||
| Any | 12.7 | 35.9 | 6.0 ± 3.3 | P < 0.001 |
| None | 87.3 | 11.8 | 3.9 ± 2.5 |
Calculation of prevalence (%) was conducted by 11-item Short Forms of CES-D (cut-off point = 7).
Comparisons of 2 categories were performed with unpaired Student t-test; and comparison of ≥ 3 categories were performed with one way ANOVA and Tukey method of multiple comparison
Statistically significant pairs among the age groups were a and b, a and c, a and d, a and e.
Statistically significant pairs among the sleep durations were a and b, a and c, d and e, c and e.
Statistically significant pairs among the categories of self-rated health were a and b, a and c, b and c. Any ins refers to any of DIS, EMA or DMS; DIS, difficulty initiating sleep; EMA, early morning awakening; DMS, difficulty maintaining sleep; EDS, excessive daily sleepiness; DFL, discomfort feeling in the legs.