Table 5.
Association between depression and insomnia subtypes in the cross-sectional studya
| Logistic regression analyses |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline items in 2003 | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||||
| Category | ORb | 95% CI | P-value | aORc | 95% CI | P-value |
| Age (year) | ||||||
| 65-69 | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| 70-74 | 1.423 | 1.101 to 1.838 | 0.006 | 1.359 | 1.001 to 1.844 | 0.049 |
| 75-79 | 1.675 | 1.282 to 2.189 | < 0.001 | 1.620 | 1.174 to 2.235 | 0.003 |
| 80-84 | 2.121 | 1.584 to 2.841 | < 0.001 | 1.986 | 1.375 to 2.867 | < 0.001 |
| 85+ | 1.673 | 1.117 to 2.508 | 0.013 | 1.516 | 0.889 to 2.583 | 0.126 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 1.526 | 1.257 to 1.853 | < 0.001 | 1.327 | 1.047 to 1.681 | 0.019 |
| Men | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| Educational history | ||||||
| Junior high school | 0.669 | 0.552 to 0.811 | < 0.001 | 0.790 | 0.622 to 1.004 | 0.054 |
| More than high school | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 0.987 | 0.807 to 1.208 | 0.898 | 1.066 | 0.830 to 1.370 | 0.616 |
| Rural | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| Sleep duration (h) | ||||||
| < 6 | 2.238 | 1.628 to 3.075 | < 0.001 | 1.162 | 0.776 to 1.742 | 0.466 |
| ≥ 6 to 7 | 1.261 | 0.939 to 1.693 | 0.124 | 0.944 | 0.667 to 1.337 | 0.747 |
| ≥ 7 to 8 | 1.000 | 1.000 | referent | |||
| ≥ 8 to 9 | 1.132 | 0.858 to 1.495 | 0.380 | 1.098 | 0.792 to 1.521 | 0.575 |
| ≥ 9 | 1.823 | 1.337 to 2.487 | <0.001 | 1.349 | 0.923 to 1.972 | 0.122 |
| Sleep disturbance | ||||||
| DIS: Yes | 4.208 | 3.329 to 5.319 | < 0.001 | 2.020 | 1.455 to 2.805 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| EMA: Yes | 3.049 | 2.403 to 3.870 | < 0.001 | 1.441 | 1.025 to 2.026 | 0.036 |
| No | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| DMS: Yes | 1.869 | 1.525 to 2.289 | < 0.001 | 0.819 | 0.613 to 1.094 | 0.176 |
| No | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| EDS: Yes | 2.716 | 2.064 to 3.574 | < 0.001 | 1.319 | 0.929 to 1.875 | 0.122 |
| No | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| DFL: Yes | 2.131 | 1.465 to 3.101 | < 0.001 | 0.788 | 0.463 to 1.342 | 0.381 |
| No | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| Subjective sleep sufficiency | ||||||
| Insufficient | 2.290 | 1.839 to 2.852 | < 0.001 | 1.758 | 1.335 to 2.315 | < 0.001 |
| Sufficient | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| Psychological stress | ||||||
| Yes | 6.104 | 4.997 to 7.455 | < 0.001 | 5.169 | 4.088 to 6.537 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Good | 0.531 | 0.397 to 0.709 | < 0.001 | 0.664 | 0.485 to 0.910 | 0.011 |
| Fair | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
| Poor | 4.270 | 3.435 to 5.307 | < 0.001 | 2.187 | 3.688 to 3.231 | < 0.001 |
| Activities of daily living (ADL) | ||||||
| Any | 4.180 | 3.211 to 5.443 | < 0.001 | 1.419 | 0.991 to 2.032 | 0.056 |
| None | 1.000 | referent | 1.000 | referent | ||
a
The cross-sectional study was conducted on baseline subjects in 2003.
b
Crude odds ratio due to univariate logistic regression analysis.
c
Adjusted odds ratio due to multivariate logistic regression analysis. The logistic regression analysis was conducted as a response variable of CES-D (Score ≥ 7) by the short form. DIS refers to difficulty initiating sleep; EMA, early morning awakening; DMS, difficulty maintaining sleep; EDS, Exceesive daytime sleepiness; DFL, discomfort feeling in the legs; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval.