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Basic structures of sphingolipids (SP). a the Cer backbone, with N-palmitoylsphingosine as an example; b headgroups of mammalian SP, and c major carbohydrates of glycosphingolipids, and typical symbols, with ganglioside GM1 as an example. The abbreviations are as follows: Glc, glucose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; Gal, galactose; GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; Cer, ceramide; LacCer, lactose ceramide; GlcCer, glucose ceramide; and NeuAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid
