Table 2.

Growth factors reported as full inducers (I) or promoters (P) of chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs in pellet culture in vitro

	BM MSC		AT MSC		SM MSC
Factor	I	P	I	P	I	P
TGFβ1	[84,96,98]
TGFβ2	[84]
TGFβ3	[40,61,65,83,89,90,99]		[40]
BMP2	[85,109]	[85,90]	[110]	[89]		[41,105]
BMP4		[90,91]		[89]
BMP6		[45,87,90,92]	[86]	[45,89]		[52]
BMP7		[90]				[111]
IGF1		[87,90,97]		[103]		[112]

I, factors inducing proteoglycan and collagen type II deposition in pellets according to histology when added as single factors to chondrogenic basal medium; P, factors promoting proteoglycan and collagen type II deposition in pellets when added in combination with TGFβ to chondrogenic basal medium. The list of publications is not exhaustive. AT, adipose tissue; BM, bone marrow; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; MSC, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell; SM, synovial membrane; TGF, transforming growth factor.