Table 1. Characteristics of the participants in the case-control study.
| The case-control sample set (n = 5512) | ||||
| NGR | IGR | T2DM | P * | |
| Male/Female, n (M, %) | 844/1356 (38.4) | 595/892 (40.0) | 802/1023 (43.9) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 59.3±9.6 | 61.0±9.4 | 63.3±9.7 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3±3.3 | 25.5±3.4 | 26.3±3.8 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131±20 | 140±22 | 147±22 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77±10 | 80±10 | 81±11 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 4.9±0.5 | 5.5±0.6 | 7.7±2.5 | <0.0001 |
| OGTT-2h plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.0±1.1 | 8.3±1.5 | 16.1±5.2 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting serum insulin (µU/ml) | 4.3 (4.0–4.7) | 5.0 (4.6–5.4) | 6.4 (5.9–6.9) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA_IR (%) | 1.17 (0.73–1.76) | 1.74 (1.03–2.69) | 2.88 (1.72–4.84) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA_β (%) | 82.1(51.7–124.9) | 74.4(43.1–123.5) | 50.2(25.3–90.6) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking, yes, n (%) | 465 (21.1) | 276 (18.6) | 385 (22.7) | 0.01 |
| Current alcohol intake, yes, n (%) | 353 (16.9) | 239 (16.2) | 299 (18.4) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes family history, yes, n (%) | 258 (12.3) | 226 (15.4) | 430 (25.3) | <0.0001 |
Data are means ± SD or median (interquartile) or number (percentage).
*Based on ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 for categorical variables. HOMA_IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; and HOMA_β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function.