Table 3. Haplotype variance and age estimations for haplogroup R1a1 (M198).
| Network time estimations | Network time estimations | BATWING expansion times using 25-year generation time (kya) | BATWING expansion times using 32-year generation time (kya) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | N | Haplotype variance based on 7 Y-STR loci | Network shape | with 25-year generation time (kya)a | with 32-year generation time (kya)a | Mean | Median | 2.50% | 97.50% | Mean | Median | 2.50% | 97.50 |
| Arkhangelsk | 5 | 0.271 | Star-like | 10.4±3.9 | 13.3±5.0 | 39.7 | 10.9 | 0.0 | 751.4 | 50.9 | 13.9 | 961.8 | |
| Arkhangelsk (15 loci) | Star-like | 10.4±2.9 | 10.1±2.9 | 36.4 | 9.7 | 0.0 | 707.5 | 46.6 | 12.4 | 0.0 | 905.7 | ||
| Komi Izhemski | 16 | 0.228 | Star-like | 5.8±2.6 | 7.5±3.3 | 9.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 343.1 | 11.6 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 439.2 |
| Komi Izhemski (15 loci) | Star-like | 10.1±2.4 | 12.9±3.1 | 5.9 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 222.4 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 284.7 | ||
| Komi Priluzski | 16 | 0.154 | Non-Star | 7.8±3.2 | 9.9±4.1 | 9.8 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 356.8 | 12.5 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 456.7 |
| Komi Priluzski (15 loci) | Star-like | 11.3±2.6 | 14.5±3.3 | 14.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 542.7 | 18.4 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 694.7 | ||
| Kursk | 20 | 0.191 | Star-like | 6.5±2.2 | 8.3±2.8 | 7.6 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 59.7 | 9.7 | 5.1 | 0.4 | 76.5 |
| Kursk (15 loci) | Star-like | 9.3±2.0 | 11.9±2.6 | 14.5 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 413.7 | 18.6 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 529.5 | ||
| Tver | 20 | 0.280 | Non-Star | 9.8±2.8 | 12.6±3.6 | 34.2 | 14.4 | 0.2 | 366.6 | 43.8 | 18.5 | 0.2 | 469.2 |
| Tver (15 loci) | Star-like | 11.8±2.2 | 15.2±2.8 | 24.6 | 11.2 | 0.2 | 362.0 | 31.5 | 14.4 | 0.3 | 463.3 | ||
| Finland | 38 | 0.353 | Star-like | 12.1±2.7 | 15.5±3.4 | 8.8 | 7.0 | 1.8 | 40.1 | 11.3 | 9.0 | 2.3 | 51.4 |
| Herzegovina | 17 | 0.222 | Star-like | 9.1±3.4 | 11.7±4.3 | 13.7 | 9.8 | 0.5 | 100.1 | 17.6 | 12.5 | 0.7 | 128.2 |
| India (North) | 31 | 0.346 | Star-like | 14.0±3.7 | 18.0±4.7 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 2.1 | 58.7 | 17.8 | 14.4 | 2.7 | 75.1 |
| India (East) | 18 | 0.250 | Non-Star | 12.9±4.1 | 16.6±5.3 | 13.0 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 411.0 | 16.7 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 526.1 |
| India (West) | 17 | 0.426 | Non-Star | 16.7±4.6 | 21.4±5.9 | 21.3 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 683.3 | 27.3 | 7.3 | 0.0 | 874.6 |
| India (South) | 37 | 0.505 | Star-like | 18.2±5.5 | 23.3±7.0 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 1.6 | 104.8 | 13.0 | 9.4 | 2.0 | 134.1 |
| Khakassians | 18 | 0.180 | Non-Star | 7.2±3.1 | 9.2±3.9 | 9.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 340.2 | 12.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 435.5 |
| Pakistan (North) | 14 | 0.243 | Non-Star | 9.6±2.7 | 12.3±3.5 | 24.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 773.6 | 31.3 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 990.2 |
| Pakistan (South) | 29 | 0.475 | Non-Star | 18.7±4.7 | 24.0±6.1 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 0.4 | 52.3 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 0.5 | 67.0 |
| Serbia | 18 | 0.295 | Non-Star | 17.3±5.4 | 22.1±6.9 | 22.5 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 644.2 | 28.8 | 6.3 | 0.1 | 824.6 |
| Turkey | 36 | 0.298 | Star-like | 12.3±3.3 | 15.8±4.2 | 7.9 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 40.4 | 10.1 | 7.6 | 1.4 | 51.7 |
| Tuva | 15 | 0.184 | Star-like | 8.3±3.1 | 10.6±3.9 | 19.1 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 387.1 | 24.5 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 495.5 |
| Hungary | 8 | 0.247 | Star-like | 7.1±3.0 | 9.1±3.8 | 27.5 | 6.6 | 0.0 | 468.1 | 35.2 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 599.1 |
| Latvia | 4 | 0.131 | Non-Star | 9.1±5.3 | 11.6±6.8 | 17.5 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 505.6 | 22.4 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 647.1 |
| Lithuania | 11 | 0.169 | Non-Star | 7.5±3.3 | 9.6±4.2 | 13.0 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 298.1 | 16.7 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 381.5 |
| Poland | 52 | 0.252 | Non-Star | 9.1±2.4 | 11.6±3.0 | 20.2 | 9.8 | 0.6 | 206.3 | 25.8 | 12.5 | 0.8 | 264.1 |
| Ukraine | 10 | 0.281 | Star-like | 6.7±2.1 | 8.6±2.7 | 19.4 | 10.4 | 0.3 | 194.7 | 24.8 | 13.3 | 0.4 | 249.2 |
a
A mutation rate of 0.00069 mutations per locus per generation was used to estimate generation times.