Table 2.

 Impact of price reductions, foreign assistance, and development and governance indicators on coverage of HIV treatment using antiretroviral drugs in 13 African countries

Variables	Unadjusted, % (95% CI)†	Adjusted, % (95% CI)‡
Reducing price of first line antiretroviral drugs by $10	0.19 (0.14 to 0.25)***
Annual price $500		0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)**
Annual price $100		0.16 (0.11 to 0.20)**
Increasing foreign assistance per capita by $1	1.4 (1.1 to 1.6)***	1.0 (0.7 to 1.2)***
$1 increase in public health expenditures§	—	0.7 (0.05 to 1.4)*
1% increase in proportion living in urban areas	—	-2.2 (-5.6 to 1.2)
1% higher HIV prevalence	—	1.2 (-0.3 to 2.7)
Per capita gross domestic product higher by $100	—	-0.4 (-0.9 to 0.1)
Each 1 point increase in government effectiveness¶	—	0.4 (0.1 to 0.7)**

*Significant at 0.05; **significant at 0.01; ***significant at 0.001.

†Unadjusted model includes prices of first line antiretroviral drugs and foreign assistance for HIV expressed in 2008 dollars per capita.

‡Adjusted for HIV prevalence, per capita health expenditures, urban status, per capita gross domestic product, government effectiveness, country fixed effects, and year fixed effects; and includes price squared term to allow non-linear relation with coverage. Country fixed effects control for unobserved country differences that do not vary over time, and year fixed effects control for unmeasured differences that affect countries to same degree over time.

§Measured as overall expenditures for health from national sources in 2008 dollars per capita.

¶Measured using World Bank governance matters index.