Table 2. Age estimates for B4a1a1 haplogroup, Polynesian motif, and Malagasy motif using the rho (ρ) statistic dating method.

	Coding region nt 577–16 023						Synonymous mutations					Control region nt 16 024–576
Haplogroup	n	ρ	σ	TMRCA years	95% CI	Mutation rate	ρ	σ	TMRCA years	95% CI	Mutation rate	ρ	σ	TMRCA years	95% CI	Mutation rate
B4a1a1	23	1.57	0.26	8.100	5400–10 800	(1)	0.70	0.17	4.700	2500–7000	(2)	1.57	0.26	14.200	9600–18 800	(4)
							0.83	0.19	6.500	3600–9500	(3)	—	—	—	—	—
Polynesian motif	18	1.61	0.30	8.300	5200–11 400	(1)	0.78	0.21	5.300	2500–8100	(2)	0.89	0.22	8.000	4200–12 000	(4)
							0.94	0.23	7.400	3900–11 000	(3)	—	—	—	—	—
Malagasy motif	3	0	—	—	—	—	0	—	—	—	—	0.66	0.47	6.000	0–14 300	(4)

Note. Sequences used for molecular dating of the Malagasy motif and the Polynesian motif are given in Figure 1. The sequences used for molecular dating of the B4a1a1 haplogroup included, in addition to the 15 complete mtDNA sequences harboring the Polynesian motif and the three sequences harboring the Malagasy motif reported in Figure 1, five complete mtDNA sequences reported by Pierson et al.⁵ (DQ372873, DQ372874, DQ372875, and DQ372877) and Ingman and Gyllensten⁴⁴ (AY289076). Mutation rate references: (1) One substitution per 5139 years;⁴⁹ (2) One synonymous transition per 6764 years;⁴⁰ (3) One synonymous mutation (transition or transversion) per 7884 years;⁴⁸ (4) One mutation per 9058 years.⁴⁸ Age estimates of the Malagasy motif calculated by using other control region mutation rates are provided in Supplementary Table S2.