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ka,: Excitation rate; kd: total (radiative & non-radiative) decay rate of the fluorophore from the excited- to the ground- singlet state; kisc: intersystem crossing rate; kbs* & kbt*: Bleaching rates of the excited singlet & triplet states into excited bleached (dark) states via radicalization of a surrounding molecule (X→X* or X'→X'*).
