Table 2.

Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity using a bivariate random effects model (10²)

SYMPTOM	No. of studies	No. of Patient	Sensitivity	(95% CI)	Variance Logit (sensitivity)	Specificity	(95% CI)	Variance Logit (specificity)
Dysuriaa	14	3407	0.80	(0.74-0.86)	0.40	0.38	(0.31-0.46)	0.33
Frequencyb	13	2807	0.88	(0.83-0.92)	0.41	0.20	(0.14-0.28)	0.58
Back painc	4	635	0.38	(0.26-0.52)	0.22	0.57	(0.40-0.73)	0.43
Feverd	7	1250	0.10	(0.04-0.21)	1.19	0.92	(0.83-0.97)	1.07
Flank paine	6	1340	0.26	(0.19-0.35)	0.21	0.69	(0.64-0.74)	0.04
Hematuria	7	1078	0.25	(0.21-0.29)	0.01	0.85	(0.81-0.89)	0.05
Lower abdominal painf	7	1470	0.50	(0.34-0.66)	0.75	0.50	(0.34-0.66)	0.72
Nocturia	6	1720	0.59	(0.50-0.68)	0.17	0.55	(0.49-0.61)	0.06
Urgencyg	9	2298	0.67	(0.52-0.80)	0.95	0.45	(0.31-0.60)	0.79
Vaginal discharge	6	1261	0.15	(0.08-0.26)	0.65	0.77	(0.62-0.88)	0.75

^a Three studies reported dysuria as painful voiding (McIsaac 2002, McIsaac 2007, Medina-Bombardo 2003)

^b One study reported frequency as frequency/dysuria (Dans&Klaus)

^c One study reported back pain as 'back or groin pain' (O'Brien)

^d One study reported fever as pyrexia (Lawson 1973)

^e One study reported flank pain as loin pain (Lawson 1973)

^f Different definitions were used: 'Suprapubic pain' (Hummer-Pradier 2005), Suprapubic pressure' (Baerheim), 'abdominal pain' (Fahey 2003)

^g One study reported urgency as urgency/frequency (Hummers-Pradier 2005)