Table 4.

Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity using a bivariate random effects model (10⁵)

SYMPTOM	No. of studies	No. of Patient	Sensitivity	(95% CI)	Variance Logit (sensitivity)	Specificity	(95% CI)	Variance Logit (specificity)
Dysuriaa	7	1584	0.78	(0.68-0.86)	0.42	0.36	(0.26-0.48)	0.37
Frequency	6	1333	0.90	(0.85-0.94)	0.22	0.17	(0.11-026)	0.38
Feverd	4	742	0.10	(0.04-0.23)	0.82	0.89	(0.75-0.95)	0.79
Lower abdominal painf	4	784	0.40	(0.21-0.62)	0.74	0.64	(0.41-0.82)	0.83
Urgencyg	4	1039	0.75	(0.69-0.80)	0.05	0.36	(0.27-0.46)	0.14

^a One study reported dysuria as painful voiding (Medina-Bombardo 2003)

^d One study reported fever as pyrexica (Lawson 1973

^f Different definitions were used: 'Suprapubic pain' (Hummer-Pradier 2005), Suprapubic pressure' (Baerheim), 'abdominal pain' (Fahey 2003)

^g One study reported urgency as urgency/frequency (Hummers-Pradier 2005)