FIGURE 4.

Ethanol metabolism is required for ATF3-mediated GCK down-regulation. A, cells were pretreated with 4-MP (100 μm) and then treated with ethanol. Western blots were performed. C, non-treated control; E, ethanol-treated group. B, cells were treated with ethanol and/or transfected with ATF3 in the presence or absence of 4-MP. Asterisks (* and **) indicated the amounts of endogenous and exogenous ATF3, respectively. C, effects of acetaldehyde on ATF3-mediated GCK down-regulation. D, after treatment, TUNEL-positive apoptosis cell numbers were quantified. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. E, after treatment with acetaldehyde in the presence or absence of ATF3 siRNA, immunocytochemical analyses for GCK and ATF3 were performed. Fluorescent microscopic images were taken for GCK (green) and ATF3 (red), and the final merged images are shown (100×). All of the results were obtained from three independent experiments. CTL, control; Scr., scrambled; Acet., acetaldehyde.