FIGURE 6.

Ethanol metabolism-induced peroxynitrite is essential for ATF3-mediated GCK down-regulation in the isolated islet cells. A, islet cells were treated with ethanol in the presence of l-NMMA (100 μm) or UA (100 μm) and then subjected to Western blot. C, non-treated control; E, ethanol-treated group. B, l-NMMA or UA inhibits ethanol-induced NO production. C, immunocytochemistry for insulin, GCK (top panels), and ATF3 (bottom panels) was performed in ethanol-treated cells. Fluorescent microscopic images were taken for GCK (green, top panels), ATF3 (green, bottom panels), and insulin (red), and the final merged images are shown (100×). D, effects of ethanol metabolism and peroxynitrite on ethanol-reduced insulin and ATP levels. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. E, immunocytochemistry for iNOS and TUNEL assay were performed (left panel, 100×). TUNEL-positive cells were quantified (right panel). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. All of the results were obtained from three independent experiments. CTL, control.