Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population at Baseline (N=819)
| Characteristic | Category | Intervention (n=403) | Usual Care (n=416) | P-value | Total (N=819) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of prenatal intervention visits | None | 39 (9.7%) | --- | --- | --- |
| 1–3 | 116 (28.8%) | --- | |||
| 4–7 | 191 (47.4%) | --- | |||
| 8+ | 57(14.1%) | --- | |||
| Maternal age | 18–22 | 189 (47.0%) | 165 (39.8%) | 0.109 | 354 (43.3%) |
| 23–27 | 118 (29.4%) | 136 (32.8%) | 254 (31.1%) | ||
| 28 + | 95 (23.6%) | 114 (27.5%) | 209 (25.6%) | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | Mean ± SD | 19.5 ± 6.6 | 18.8 ± 6.7 | 0.121 | 19.1 ± 6.7 |
| Gestational age at PNC initiation (weeks) | Mean ± SD | 13.1 ± 6.2 | 13.2 ± 6.4 | 0.906 | 13.1 ± 6.3 |
| Education Level | < High school | 114 (28.3%) | 119 (28.6%) | 0.699 | 233 (28.4%) |
| High school graduate/GED | 202 (50.1%) | 198 (47.6%) | 400 (48.8%) | ||
| At least some college | 87 (21.6%) | 99 (23.8%) | 186 (22.7%) | ||
| Employment status | Working now | 139 (34.5%) | 156 (37.6%) | 0.351 | 295 (36.1%) |
| Not working now, worked previous to pregnancy | 149 (37.0%) | 158 (38.1%) | 307 (37.5%) | ||
| Not working now, did not work previous to pregnancy | 114 (28.3%) | 98 (23.6%) | 212 (25.9%) | ||
| Relationship status | Single/separated/widowed/divorced | 306 (75.9%) | 309 (74.3%) | 0.585 | 615 (75.1%) |
| Married or living with partner | 97 (24.1%) | 107 (25.7%) | 204 (24.9%) | ||
| Trimester of PNC initiation | 1st Trimester | 238 (60.9%) | 237 (57.8%) | 0.408 | 475 (59.3%) |
| 2nd Trimester | 143 (36.6%) | 166 (40.5%) | 309 (59.3%) | ||
| 3rd Trimester | 10 (2.6%) | 7 (1.7%) | 17 (2.1%) | ||
| Number of PNC visits | Mean ± SD | 9.3+3.4 | 8.8+3.3 | 0.053 | 9.0+3.4 |
| Household size | Mean ± SD | 3.8+1.8 | 4.0+1.9 | 0.101 | 3.9+1.8 |
| Total household income | <$2,000 per month | 204 (73.1%) | 211 (69.6%) | 0.354 | 415 (71.3%) |
| Medicaid | Yes | 321 (80.0%) | 321 (77.3%) | 0.346 | 642 (78.7%) |
| WIC | Yes | 181 (44.9%) | 187 (45.0%) | 0.991 | 368 (44.9%) |
| Food stamps/supplemental food program | Yes | 230 (57.2%) | 243 (58.4%) | 0.728 | 473 (57.8%) |
| Public assistance/TANF | Yes | 158 (39.3%) | 176 (42.4%) | 0.367 | 334 (40.9%) |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | Yes | 86 (21.4%) | 90 (21.6%) | 0.933 | 176 (21.5%) |
| Illicit drug use during pregnancy | Yes | 56 (13.9%) | 45 (10.8%) | 0.180 | 101 (12.3%) |
| Pregnancy ‘wanted’ | Yes | 309 (76.9%) | 313 (75.6%) | 0.672 | 622 (76.2%) |
| Previous pregnancy | Yes | 330 (81.9%) | 358 (86.1%) | 0.103 | 688 (84.0%) |
| Previous live birth | Yes | 266 (66.0%) | 292 (70.2%) | 0.199 | 558 (68.1%) |
| Number of live births (women with previous live birth) | Mean ± SD | 2.1+1.4 | 2.1+1.4 | 0.591 | 2.1+1.4 |
| Previous stillbirth or miscarriage (women with previous pregnancy) | Yes | 136 (41.2%) | 143 (39.9%) | 0.735 | 279 (40.6%) |
| Active smoking | Yes | 77 (19.1%) | 70 (16.8%) | 0.395 | 147 (17.9%) |
| ETSE | Yes | 284 (71.7%) | 300 (73.5%) | 0.564 | 584 (72.6%) |
| Depression | Yes | 175 (43.4%) | 184 (44.2%) | 0.816 | 359 (43.8%) |
| IPV | Yes | 132 (32.8%) | 131 (31.5%) | 0.699 | 263 (32.1%) |
PNC: prenatal care, WIC: Women, infant, and children, ETSE: environmental tobacco smoke exposure, IPV: intimate partner violence.