a Mineral deposition by BMSCs derived from the VB and the IC (8 cases). BMSCs isolated from the VB and the IC were maintained in culture supplemented with dexamethasone, β-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid for 14 days. b When stained with Alizarin Red S, BMSCs from VB bone marrow showed higher mineral accumulation compared with BMSCs from the IC (case number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8). Original magnification ×100. (AR-S; Alizarin Red S)