Table 2.

Multivariate models and predictors significantly associated with outcome

Predictor	Back VAS improvement, R2 = 0.23	Leg VAS improvement, R2 = 0.39	OSWESTRY improvement, R2 = 0.49	PCSs improvement, R2 = 0.27
Back VAS 0–100	0.44 [0.23; 0.63]		−0.21 [0.08; 0.35]	−0.13 [−0.22; −0.05]
Leg VAS 0–100		0.67 [0.45; 0.89]
ODI			0.95 [0.78; 1.12]
PCSs	−0.89 [−1.46; −0.30]			−0.82 [−1.06; −0.59]
MCSs			0.20 [0.00; 0.40]
Diagnosis
Other lumbar spinal disorders versus herniated disc	14.08 [4.50; 23.69]		10.06 [3.92; 16.21]	5.53 [1.78; 9.29]
Expectations
Moderate/no expectations versus optimistic		12.48 [1.47; 24.03]	6.28 [0.12; 12.44]
Education
Primary or lower versus secondary or higher		19.51 [9.19; 29.84]	7.55 [1.65; 13.46]
Smoking
Non-smoker/ex-smoker versus smoker		−10.09 [−20.10; −0.08]
Walking capacity
Not limited versus somewhat limited		18.83 [8.31; 29.36]
Not limited versus severely limited		23.82 [7.65; 40.00]

Values are given as β coefficient [95%CI]

VAS visual analog scale, BMI body mass index, ODI Oswestry disability index, PCSs physical component score, MCSs mental component score