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a Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) showing the ODI scores (means ± SE) in the CG compared to pre- and postoperative assessments at ½, 1, 2, 3, 4 years of follow-up periods, except among the postoperative and CG (p > 0.05) by the second year. b Comparison of postoperative statistically significant Oswestry results (means ± SE) in MD and OD versus preoperative and CG subjects (p < 0.05)
