Fig. 3.

a and b Real-time PCR analysis of selected genes that were investigated in PBMC (left side) and HT29 cells (right side). Shown are effects of butyrate and chrysin after 24-h incubation on the expression levels of CAT, SOD2, COX-2, UGT1A1, GSTP1, GSTT2, and GSTM2. The modulations of mRNA levels were obtained by comparing the treatment groups to the medium controls and calculating the fold changes. GAPDH (housekeeping gene) was used as internal reference control (gene expression related to GAPDH [ppm]). Significant differences to the controls were calculated by a one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-test (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, n = 4–7 for PBMC and n = 3–4 for HT29)