Table 1.
Cytosolic targeting of drug therapeutics (includes endosomal/lysosomal escape, in some cases).
| Class of targeting agent | Targeting agent composition | Drug delivered (trade name if available) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | Liposome composed of lipid bilayer neutral lipids, DPPC and cholesterol | Amikacin (Arikace™) | [347] |
| Liposomal includes soybean oil and phospholipids | Cyclosporin | [348] | |
| Doxorubicin STEALTH® liposome containing MPEG–DSPE, HSPC and cholesterol | Doxorubicin (Doxil®) | [349] | |
| pH-sensitive liposomes | Liposomes composed of CHEMS and DOPE | Diptheria toxin A chain | [38] |
| DOPE, N-succinyl–DOPE and PEG–ceramide | Gentamycin | [350] | |
| Thermosensitive liposomes | DPPC, HSPC and cholesterol liposomes surface modified with DSPE-PEG-2000:PNIPAM-AAM17 | Doxorubicin | [351] |
| Targeted thermal magnetic liposomes | DPPC, cholesterol, DSPE–PEG(2000) and DSPE–PEG(2000)–folate | Doxorubicin | [352,353] |
| Polymeric micelles | PEG–poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer | Doxorubicin (Adriamycin®) | [354] |
| pH-sensitive micelles | PEG-block-poly(aspartate-hydrazide) or PEG–p(Asp-Hyd) was modified using either levulinic acid or 4-acetyl benzoic acid attached via hydrazone bonds | Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) | [355] |
| pH-sensitive micelles with cell surface targeting | Amphiphilic block copolymers that self-assemble into spherical micelles, folate–PEG–poly(aspartate-hydrazone-adriamycin) with γ-carboxylic acid-activated folate | Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) | [356] |
| Thermosensitive micelles/polymers | Micellar cyclotriphosphazenes | Human growth hormone | [43] |
| Biodegradable triblock copolymer of PLGA–PEG–PLGA (ReGel®) | Paclitaxel | [357] | |
| Cell-penetrating peptides | Doxorubicin bound to HPMA-based polymer with the cell-penetrating peptide Tat | Doxorubicin | [358] |
| Cationic polymers and cationic lipids | Polyethyleneimine | Genes (DNA) | [61,359] |
| Virus mimetic | Hydrophobic polymer core (poly(L-histidine-co-phenylalanine)(poly(His32-co-Phe6) and two layers of hydrophilic shell (one PEG end linked to core polymer; other end to BSA) | Doxorubicin | [346] |
| NES | NES (LQLPPLERLTL) encoded in a plasmid | Genes (DNA) | [6,7,60] |
| NES (ALPPLERLTL) conjugated to DNA | Antisense oligonucleotide | [360] |
BSA: Bovine serum albumin; CHEMS: Cholesterylhemisuccinate; DOPE: Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine; DPPC: Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; DSPE: Distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine; HPMA: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide; HSPC: Fully hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine; MPEG: Methoxypolyethylene glycol; NES: Nuclear export signal; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; PLGA: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide).