Table 1.

Risk factors for the cardiorenal syndrome [1].

Clinical

(i) Older age

(ii) Comorbid conditions (diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled hypertension, and anemia

(iii) Drugs

(a) Antiinflammatory agents

(b) Diuretics (thiazides, loop diuretics)

(c) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers

(d) Aldosterone receptor antagonists

Heart

(i) History of heart failure or impaired left ventricular ejection fraction

(ii) Prior myocardial infection

(iii) New York Hear Association functional class

(iv) Elevated cardiac troponin

Kidney

(i) Chronic kidney disease (reduced eGFR, elevated BUN, creatinine, or cystatin)