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The Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants.
Note that PSY is central, catalyzing the first committed biosynthetic step in carotenogenesis. IPP, isopentenyl-diphosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl-diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl-diphosphate; GGPS, geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; ZISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotene isomerase; LCY, lycopene β and ε-cyclase. The dashed arrow represents multiple enzymatic steps.
