a(a) 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, CH2Cl2; (b) i. HNO3, H2SO4; ii. H2SO4; (c) SnCl2, HCl; (d) HCOOH; (e) PtO2, Pd/C, NaOH; (f) p-TsOH, β-D-ribofuranose 1,2,3,5-tetraacetate; (g) NH3, MeOH; (h) Ac2O, pyridine; (i) Pd(PPh3)4, AlMe3, THF; (j) NH3, MeOH; (k) acetone, p-TsOH, 2,2-dimethoxypropane; (l) NaH, MeCN, MeI; (m) TFA, H2O; (n) i. PCl3, CH2Cl2; ii. TFA, H2O; (o) TMSCl, pyridine, I2, DMF, (NBu4)3HP2O7.