Table 2.

The application of exosomes as a cancer vaccine in Phase I clinical trials

Cancer type	No. of patients	Exosome type	Results	References
Colorectal	54	AEX	Detection of DTH Induction of tumor-specific antitumor CTL response AEX + GM-CSF shows higher efficacy	56
Melanoma	15	DEX	Demonstrated feasibility of large-scale GMP exosome production Well tolerated in patients with no major toxicity Restoration of number and NKG2D-dependent function of NK cells	57, 54
NSCLC	13	DEX	Demonstrated feasibility of large-scale exosome production Well tolerated in patients with no major toxicity Stability of disease and activation of immune effectors	58

Abbreviations: CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.