Table 3. Bivariate analysis of demographic, clinical and psychological variables associated with frequency of clinical skin examination in the past 12 months.

	Test statistics
Variable	Mean CSE (s.d.)	Z	df	P
Demographic variables
Sex
Male	0.74 (1.00)	0.92		0.36
Female	0.56 (1.81)
Marital status
Currently married	0.68 (0.96)	0.26		0.80
Not married	0.56 (0.76)
Education level
University degree	1.00 (1.16)	1.20		0.23
No university degree	0.61 (0.87)
Agea		0.54	1	0.46
Occupational environmentb
Indoors	0.69 (0.92)	4.24	2	0.12
Outdoors	0.36 (0.68)
Even time indoors and outdoors	0.74 (0.86)
Clinical variables
Personal history of melanoma
Previous diagnosis	1.03 (0.85)	3.86		<0.0001
No previous diagnosis	0.48 (0.89)
Number of FDRs and SDRs affected by melanomaa		2.92	1	0.09
Number of FDRs and SDRs deceased owing to melanomaa		0.40	1	0.53
Objective CDKN2A mutation carrier riskb
100%	1.03 (0.85)	16.07	2	<0.0001
50%	0.53 (0.86)
25% or less	0.41 (0.95)
Doctor recommendation for CSE
Yes	1.14 (0.99)	6.69		<0.0001
No	0.14 (0.39)
Psychological variables		r s		P
Perceived risk		0.16		0.08
Causal attributions
Sun exposure		0.11		0.22
Genetics		0.12		0.22
Uncontrollable factors		0.04		0.65
Perceived efficacy of CSE		−0.21		0.02
Perceived efficacy of melanoma treatment		−0.13		0.17
Behavioral intention to perform CSE		0.54		<0.0001
Melanoma-specific distress		0.16		0.08
General anxiety		−0.06		0.53
General depression		−0.09		0.33
Information-seeking stylec		Z		P
High monitor	0.62 (0.84)	0.24		0.81
Low monitor	0.70 (0.99)

Abbreviations: CSE=clinical skin examination; FDR=first-degree relatives; SDR=second-degree relatives.

^aLinear-by-linear association test.

^bKruskall–Wallis.

^cMann–Whitney U. Bold type is used to indicate statistical significance at the P<0.05 level.