Table 3.

General Moral Considerations of public health ethics by Childress [8]

• producing benefits

• avoiding, preventing and removing harms

• producing the maximal balance of benefits over harms and other costs (often called utility)

• distributing benefits and burdens fairly (distributive justice) and ensuring public participation, including the participation of affected parties (procedural justice)

• respecting autonomous choices and actions, including liberty of action

• protecting privacy and confidentiality

• keeping promises and commitments

• disclosing information as well as speaking honestly and truthfully (often grouped under transparency)

• building and maintaining trust