. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 24.

Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009 Jan;15(1):69–82. doi: 10.1017/S1355617708090085

Table 6.

p Values from multivariate and univariate tests comparing three study groups (HCV–/SUD–, HCV+/SUD–, and HCV+/SUD+) on neuropsychological performance, with estimated cognitive reserve, current depressive symptom severity, and current pain ratings entered as covariates

Covariates	Estimated cognitive reserve¹	Current depressive symptom severity ²	Current pain rating³
Verbal Memory	.048	.018	.053^P
CVLT-II Total Immediate	.029	.005	.016^P
CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall	.165	.144	.196
CVLT-II Recognition Correct Hits	.057^E	.510^D	.516
Auditory Attention	.163^W	.036	.047
WAIS-III Digit Span	.076^W	.012	.010
WAIS-III Letter Number Sequencing	.171^W	.057	.128^P
Speeded Visual Information	.002^W	.001	.004
Processing/Attention
Trails A	.177	.511	.414
Trails B	.219^EW	.205	.282
WAIS-III Digit Symbol	.000	.000	.000
D-KEFS CWIT Inhibition	474^W	.334	.389
D-KEFS CWIT Switching	.643^W	.340	.547^P
Reasoning/Mental Flexibility	.181^W	.011^D	.017^P
D-KEFS Sorting Correct Sorts	.061	.005^D	.003
D-KEFS Proverbs Free Inquiry	.649^EW	.018	.033
WAIS-III Matrix Reasoning	.178^W	.017	.087^P

Note. p Values are displayed for each test controlling for covariates. Rows with cognitive domain names include multivariate effects (Wilks Λ, MANCOVAs), with the three study groups and covariates entered as independent variables and standardized scores for each relevant subtest within a cognitive domain entered as multiple dependent variables. Rows with subtest names include univariate effects (F tests), with the three study groups and covariates entered as independent variables and individual subtests entered as dependent variables. Covariates with p values of <.05 are indicated by D = depression, W = WRAT3, E = education, and P = pain. CWIT = Color–Word Interference Test.

Cognitive reserve was estimated using years of education and standard scores on WRAT3 Reading.

Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory, second edition.

Pain was measured with a single-item self-rating of current pain on a Likert scale of 1–10, from minimal to severe.