. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 24.

Published in final edited form as: J Hepatol. 2008 Jan 30;48(5):858–879. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.008

Table 3.

Toxic models of liver fibrosis and HCC

Diet or chemical	Mechanism of action	Phenotype	References
Choline-deficient and ethionine (CDE) diet	Oxidative DNA damage, DNA strand breaks and chromosomal instability [41]	30–35 weeks: 100% HCC	[135,190–192]
Ciprofibrate	Synthetic peroxisome proliferators, non-genotoxic carcinogen	60 weeks: 100% HCC [193]	[90,193,194]
Diethylnitrosamine (DENA)	Genotoxic hepatocarcinogen	100% HCC in males, 30% in females. Extensive chromosomal damage	[90,168,194,195]
Thioacetamide (TAA)	Metabolites induce oxidative stress	100% HCC	[134,146]
2-Acetylaminoflouren (2-AAF)	Genotoxic	Used primarily as promoter in initiation/promotion protocols	[194,196]
Phenobarbital	Non-genotoxic	Used as promoter in initiation/promotion protocols; increases HCC by 500%. Can inhibit tumor formation in mice given DEN. Associated with β-catenin activation [197]	[197,198]