Table 2.
Lifestyle factors and lumbar disc disease among men
| Lumbar disc herniation | Lumbar disc narrowing (chondrosis) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control subjects | Cases | Cases | ||||||||||||
| N | % | N | % | Adj. ORa | 95% CI | Adj. ORb | 95% CI | N | % | Adj. ORa | 95% CI | Adj. ORc | 95% CI | |
| Body mass index | ||||||||||||||
| <21.88 | 76 | 16.8 | 27 | 9.4 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - | 17 | 11.7 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - |
| ≥21.88 to <24.30 | 185 | 40.8 | 101 | 35.3 | 1.6 | 0.9-2.6 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.4 | 47 | 32.4 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.8 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.7 |
| ≥24.30 to <29.21 | 164 | 36.2 | 143 | 50.0 | 2.6 | 1.6-4.3 | 2.1 | 1.3-3.6 | 67 | 46.2 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.5 | 1.2 | 0.6-2.3 |
| ≥29.21 | 21 | 4.6 | 13 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 0.9-4.7 | 1.6 | 0.7-3.8 | 13 | 9.0 | 2.6 | 1.0-6.4 | 2.3 | 0.9-5.9 |
| Trend testd | P = 0.001 | P = 0.003 | P = 0.09 | P = 0.02 | ||||||||||
| Smoking, pack-years | ||||||||||||||
| Never smoked | 192 | 42.4 | 102 | 35.7 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - | 45 | 31.0 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - |
| >0 to <8 | 68 | 15.0 | 34 | 11.9 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.7 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.7 | 17 | 11.7 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.5 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.6 |
| ≥8 to <20 | 86 | 19.0 | 63 | 22.0 | 1.3 | 0.8-1.9 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.9 | 32 | 22.1 | 1.6 | 0.9-2.7 | 1.6 | 0.9-2.8 |
| ≥20 to <40 | 69 | 15.2 | 70 | 24.5 | 1.7 | 1.1-2.6 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.5 | 33 | 22.8 | 2.0 | 1.1-3.4 | 1.9 | 1.1-3.3 |
| ≥40 | 36 | 7.9 | 16 | 5.6 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.5 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.5 | 18 | 12.4 | 1.4 | 0.7-2.7 | 1.4 | 0.7-2.7 |
| Trend testd | P = 0.48 | P = 0.66 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.07 | ||||||||||
| Endurance sports, cumulative hours | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 178 | 39.3 | 122 | 42.7 | 1.0 | - | 74 | 51.0 | 1.0 | - | ||||
| >0 to <1,300 | 77 | 17.0 | 41 | 14.3 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | 10 | 6.9 | 0.4 | 0.2-0.8 | ||||
| 1,300 to <4,030 | 98 | 21.6 | 55 | 19.2 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.3 | 23 | 15.9 | 0.6 | 0.4-1.1 | ||||
| 4,030 to <9,880 | 75 | 16.6 | 45 | 15.7 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.3 | 24 | 16.6 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.3 | ||||
| ≥9,880 | 25 | 5.5 | 23 | 8.0 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.4 | 14 | 9.7 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.1 | ||||
| Trend testd | P = 0.67 | P = 0.81 | ||||||||||||
| Ball sports, cumulative hours | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 255 | 56.3 | 150 | 52.4 | 1.0 | - | 83 | 57.2 | 1.0 | - | ||||
| >0 to <1,040 | 44 | 9.7 | 41 | 14.3 | 1.7 | 1.1-2.8 | 15 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.5 | ||||
| 1,040 to <2,700 | 72 | 15.9 | 36 | 12.6 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.4 | 21 | 14.5 | 1.0 | 0.5-1.7 | ||||
| 2,700 to <5,100 | 39 | 8.6 | 29 | 10.1 | 1.2 | 0.7-2.1 | 9 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 0.4-1.9 | ||||
| ≥5,100 | 43 | 9.5 | 30 | 10.5 | 1.1 | 0.7-1.9 | 17 | 11.7 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.4 | ||||
| Trend testd | P = 0.65 | P = 0.83 | ||||||||||||
| Athletic sports, cumulative hours | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 420 | 92.7 | 257 | 89.9 | 1.0 | - | 135 | 93.1 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - | ||
| >0 to <500 | 10 | 2.2 | 10 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 0.7-4.2 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.04-3.0 | 0.4 | 0.05-3.6 | ||
| 500 to <1,560 | 10 | 2.2 | 11 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 0.7-4.4 | 6 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 0.6-5.3 | 2.1 | 0.7-6.5 | ||
| ≥1,560 | 13 | 2.9 | 8 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.4-2.8 | 3 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.2-2.6 | 0.8 | 0.2-2.8 | ||
| Trend testd | P = 0.43 | P = 0.66 | P = 0.64 | |||||||||||
| Body building sports, cumulative hours | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 395 | 87.2 | 257 | 89.9 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - | 136 | 93.8 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - |
| >0 to <400 | 17 | 3.8 | 10 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.4 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.4 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.03-1.8 | 0.3 | 0.03-2.0 |
| 400 to <1,350 | 18 | 4.0 | 12 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.2 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.2 | 5 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 0.4-3.1 | 1.2 | 0.4-3.4 |
| ≥1,350 | 23 | 5.1 | 7 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0.2-1.1 | 0.5 | 0.2-1.1 | 3 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.1-1.7 | 0.5 | 0.1-1.7 |
| Trend testd | P = 0.16 (neg.) | P = 0.29 (neg.) | P = 0.30 (neg.) | |||||||||||
aAdjusted for age and region. bFinal model for lumbar disc herniation: Adjusted for age, region, and cumulative physical workload (OR for body mass index and smoking); adjusted for age, region, and differing leg length (OR for body building). cFinal model for lumbar disc narrowing: Adjusted for age, region, body building, whole-body vibrations and psychosocial workload (OR for body mass index); adjusted for age, region, and cumulative physical workload (OR for smoking); adjusted for age, region, unemployment as severe life event, and cumulative physical workload (OR for athletics); adjusted for age, region, and psychosocial workload (OR for body building). dTo calculate tests for trend, we included the exposure scores as continuous variables in the logistic regression model; (neg.) means P for trend for a negative association. Adj. OR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.