Figure 3.

Effects of OA or DA receptor antagonists on appetitive and aversive visual pattern conditioning. (A) Effects of OA receptor antagonists. Six groups of crickets were each injected with 3 μl saline or saline containing 1 μM epinastine or 1 μM mianserin at 30 min before 8-trial appetitive (left) or before 12-trial aversive conditioning (right). (B) Effects of DA receptor antagonists. Six groups of crickets were each injected with 3 μl saline containing 500 μM fluphenazine, 500 μM chlorpromazine, or 500 μM spiperone at 30 min before 8-trial appetitive (left) or before 12-trial aversive conditioning (right). Preference indexes for rewarded visual pattern (in the case of appetitive conditioning) and those of unpunished visual pattern (in the case of aversive conditioning) before (white bars) and at 30 min after conditioning (black bars) are shown with mean ± SEM. The number of animals is shown at each data point. The results of statistical comparison before and after conditioning (WCX test) and between experimental and saline-injected control groups (M–W test) are shown as asterisks (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001, NS p > 0.05). Modified from Unoki et al. (2006).