Table 2. Desirable Properties of CKD Biomarkers.

Noninvasive – utilize easily accessible samples such as urine or blood Easy to perform – utilize standardized clinical laboratory assays Biologic plausibility – correlate with pathophysiology, reflect severity of injury Sensitive – facilitate early detection, minimize false negatives Wide dynamic range – facilitate risk stratification Specific – facilitate diagnosis, minimize false positives Predictive – predict CKD progression, cardiovascular complications, mortality Theranostic – monitor response to interventions