Table 3. Characteristics of Promising Novel CKD Biomarkers.
| Biomarker | Sample | Origin | Biological function |
|---|---|---|---|
| NGAL | Urine | Distal tubule, collecting duct | Promotes tubule cell survival and proliferation, limits tubule cell apoptosis |
| KIM-1 | Urine | Proximal tubule | Promotes epithelial regeneration, regulates tubule cell apoptosis |
| L-FABP | Urine | Proximal tubule | Endogenous antioxidant, suppresses tubulointerstitial damage |
| NAG | Urine | Proximal tubule | Glycosidase activity in lysosomes of proximal tubule cells |
| NGAL | Blood | Liver, lung, neutrophils | Acute phase reactant, marker of organ cross-talk following kidney injury |
| ADMA | Blood | Methylated proteins | Inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, promotes endothelial damage and sclerosis |
| Adiponectin | Blood | Adipose tissue | Improves insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic |
| ApoA-IV | Blood | Intestinal enterocytes | Reverse cholesterol transport pathway, anti-atherogenic |
| FGF23 | Blood | Osteocytes, osteoblasts | Phosphaturic, reduction of circulating calcitriol, inhibition of PTH secretion |
| ANP, BNP | Blood | Stretched heart walls | Natriuresis, diuresis, vasodilation, regulation of cardio-renal axis, anti-fibrotic |
Footnote to table 3: NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; L-FABP, liver-type fatty acid binding protein; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; apoA-IV, apolipoprotein A-IV; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; NAG, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase.