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Osteogenic pellet culture of MDSCs treated with BMP4 (100 ng/mL) for 21 days and inhibitors to the ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and PI3K pathways for the first 7 days of culture. (a) Volume of mineralized tissue and (b) density of mineralized tissue determined by μCT analysis. Bars represent mean ± SEM; n = 4 pellets/group. *p < 0.05 compared with OSM + BMP4. #p < 0.05 compared with 14 days.
