Figure 3.

Engulfment simulations of active and passive zippers. (A) Side view (top) and cross section (bottom) of a phagocytic cup obtained for the active zipper. (B) Corresponding time courses of the membrane energy (thick solid, medium dashed and thin dotted black lines) and percentage of engulfment, defined by the average membrane height around the particle (blue solid, blue dashed, blue dotted lines) for three repeats of the stochastic simulation. (C) Side view (top) and cross section (bottom) of the phagocytic cup obtained for the passive zipper (same overall simulation time). (D) Corresponding time courses of the membrane energy (thick solid, medium dashed and thin dotted black lines) and engulfment (blue solid, blue dashed, blue dotted lines) for three repeats of the simulation. Dashed light blue line indicates corresponding maximal membrane height for one of the simulations (in percentage of the particle diameter). Small particles with 1.5 μm radius were used.