Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Variable | n (%) or mean (SD) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (N = 214) | Controls (N = 327) | ||
| Sex (%) | 0.86 | ||
| Male | 73 (34.1) | 114 (34.9) | |
| Female | 141 (65.9) | 213 (65.1) | |
| Age (y) | 67.9 (8.5) | 66.4 (8.6) | 0.04 |
| Region of residence (%) | 0.43 | ||
| Fukuoka | 81 (37.9) | 135 (41.3) | |
| Kinki | 133 (62.2) | 192 (58.7) | |
| Pack-years of smoking (%) | 0.007 | ||
| None | 164 (76.6) | 211 (64.5) | |
| 0.1-29.9 | 28 (13.1) | 55 (16.8) | |
| ≥ 30.0 | 22 (10.3) | 61 (18.7) | |
| Education (%) | 0.74 | ||
| < 10 y | 39 (18.2) | 64 (19.6) | |
| 10-12 y | 110 (51.4) | 157 (48.0) | |
| ≥ 13 y | 65 (30.4) | 106 (32.4) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.4 (3.3) | 23.0 (3.3) | 0.04 |
| Current drinking (%) | 0.71 | ||
| No | 115 (53.7) | 181 (55.4) | |
| Yes | 99 (46.3) | 146 (44.7) | |
| Alcohol flushing status (%) | 0.39 | ||
| Never flushing | 107 (50.0) | 166 (50.8) | |
| Former flushing | 4 (1.9) | 2 (0.6) | |
| Current flushing | 103 (48.1) | 159 (48.6) | |
| Presence of medication history (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 50 (23.4) | 123 (37.6) | 0.0005 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 20 (9.4) | 52 (15.9) | 0.028 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9 (4.2) | 29 (8.9) | 0.038 |
| Daily intakea | |||
| Total energy (kJ) | 8418.6 (2546.8) | 8388.6 (3145.4) | 0.90 |
| Caffeine (mg/4184 KJ) | 153.0 (112.2) | 194.6 (139.2) | 0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/4184 KJ) | 157.8 (60.0) | 147.7 (60.9) | 0.06 |
| Vitamin E (mg/4184 KJ) | 4.2 (1.2) | 4.2 (1.2) | 0.88 |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg/4184 KJ) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.94 |
| Iron (mg/4184 KJ) | 3.8 (0.9) | 3.8 (1.0) | 0.47 |
| Dietary glycemic index | 64.9 (4.7) | 65.4 (5.2) | 0.27 |
a Nutrient intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the density method, except for dietary glycemic index.