Table 4.
ORs for Parkinson's disease in relation to alcohol drinking during "peak" period by flushing status
| Alcohol drinking during "peak" period a | n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted ORb (95% CI) |
Adjusted ORc (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never flushing |
Cases (N = 107) |
Controls (N = 166) |
|||
| Frequency | |||||
| Non-drinker | 79 (73.8) | 127 (76.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 6 days per week | 23 (21.5) | 24 (14.5) | 1.54 (0.81-2.92) | 1.65 (0.80-3.44) | 1.32 (0.60-2.93) |
| ≥ 6 days per week | 5 (4.7) | 15 (9.0) | 0.54 (0.17-1.44) | 0.78 (0.22-2.54) | 0.61 (0.17-1.99) |
| P for trend | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.77 | ||
| Amount per day (ethanol, g) | |||||
| Non-drinker | 79 (73.8) | 127 (76.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.1-65.9 | 17 (15.9) | 21 (12.7) | 1.30 (0.64-2.61) | 1.33 (0.61-2.87) | 1.07 (0.47-2.43) |
| ≥ 66.0 | 11 (10.3) | 18 (10.8) | 0.98 (0.43-2.16) | 1.54 (0.54-4.39) | 1.11 (0.37-3.31) |
| P for trend | 0.80 | 0.32 | 0.82 | ||
| Amount per week (ethanol, g) | |||||
| Non-drinker | 79 (73.8) | 127 (76.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.1-219.3 | 19 (17.8) | 23 (13.9) | 1.33 (0.68-2.59) | 1.46 (0.69-3.09) | 1.18 (0.53-2.63) |
| ≥ 219.4 | 9 (8.4) | 16 (9.6) | 0.90 (0.37-2.11) | 1.24 (0.42-3.60) | 0.89 (0.29-2.66) |
| P for trend | 0.85 | 0.44 | 0.99 | ||
| Former/current flushing |
Cases (N = 107) |
Controls (N = 161) |
|||
| Frequency | |||||
| Non-drinker | 36 (33.6) | 54 (33.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 6 days per week | 40 (37.4) | 53 (32.9) | 1.13 (0.63-2.04) | 1.12 (0.56-2.26) | 0.97 (0.47-2.02) |
| ≥ 6 days per week | 31 (29.0) | 54 (33.5) | 0.86 (0.47-1.59) | 0.98 (0.43-2.26) | 0.84 (0.35-2.00) |
| P for trend | 0.64 | 0.96 | 0.68 | ||
| Amount per day (ethanol, g) | |||||
| Non-drinker | 36 (33.6) | 54 (33.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.1-65.9 | 29 (27.1) | 52 (32.3) | 0.84 (0.45-1.55) | 0.97 (0.48-1.97) | 0.84 (0.40-1.77) |
| ≥ 66.0 | 42 (39.3) | 55 (34.2) | 1.15 (0.64-2.06) | 1.38 (0.61-3.17) | 1.16 (0.49-2.74) |
| P for trend | 0.63 | 0.44 | 0.71 | ||
| Amount per week (ethanol, g) | |||||
| Non-drinker | 36 (33.6) | 54 (33.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.1-219.3 | 22 (20.6) | 50 (31.1) | 0.66 (0.34-1.26) | 0.79 (0.38-1.64) | 0.66 (0.30-1.43) |
| ≥ 219.4 | 49 (45.8) | 57 (35.4) | 1.29 (0.73-2.29) | 2.06 (0.88-4.96) | 1.82 (0.75-4.53) |
| P for trend | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.23 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a Defined as period during which the subject's alcohol consumption was the highest.
b Adjusted for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, and presence of medication history for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes.
c Adjusted for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, presence of medication history for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, dietary intake of caffeine, cholesterol, vitamin E, vitamin B6, iron, and dietary glycemic index.