Table 1.
Characteristics of included study participants (≥ 20 years old), NHANES III DNA bank, 1991-1994
| ACR | Albuminuriab | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Unweighted sample size (N) |
Weighted frequency (%a) |
Geometric mean (mg/g) ± SE | P-value | Prevalence (%a) ± SD | P-value |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 2884 | 49.38 | 6.40 ± 0.33 | < 0.0001 | 12.15 ± 1.12 | 0.1548 |
| Male | 2437 | 50.62 | 4.28 ± 0.28 | 9.84 ± 1.10 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 20-50 | 3018 | 62.75 | 3.93 ± 0.20 | < 0.0001 | 5.04 ± 0.62 | < 0.0001 |
| ≥ 50 | 2303 | 37.25 | 8.48 ± 0.45 | 21.10 ± 1.41 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 2249 | 82.35 | 5.32 ± 0.30 | 0.1486 | 10.44 ± 0.89 | 0.0021 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1502 | 11.96 | 4.95 ± 0.28 | 14.99 ± 1.11 | ||
| Mexican-American | 1570 | 5.69 | 4.50 ± 0.34 | 10.40 ± 0.99 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| < high school | 2016 | 21.57 | 6.73 ± 0.42 | 0.0001 | 16.55 ± 1.36 | < 0.0001 |
| Completed high school | 1706 | 34.54 | 5.58 ± 0.32 | 12.67 ± 1.00 | ||
| > high school | 1570 | 43.89 | 4.40 ± 0.30 | 7.02 ± 0.73 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 2748 | 47.10 | 4.88 ± 0.36 | 0.0595 | 10.28 ± 0.99 | 0.1464 |
| Former smoker | 1294 | 26.54 | 5.86 ± 0.31 | 12.73 ± 1.09 | ||
| Current smoker | 1279 | 26.36 | 5.26 ± 0.30 | 10.47 ± 1.20 | ||
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| None | 2838 | 46.09 | 6.45 ± 0.29 | < 0.0001 | 14.42 ± 1.20 | 0.0001 |
| 1-3 drinks/week | 1156 | 27.63 | 4.62 ± 0.38 | 7.76 ± 0.97 | ||
| ≥ 4 drinks/week | 1145 | 26.28 | 4.07 ± 0.29 | 7.88 ± 1.15 | ||
| Waist:hip ratioc | ||||||
| Low | 1565 | 35.89 | 4.57 ± 0.25 | 0.0007 | 6.29 ± 0.82 | 0.0001 |
| High | 3539 | 64.11 | 5.56 ± 0.28 | 12.94 ± 1.11 | ||
| Diabetesd | ||||||
| No | 4921 | 94.85 | 4.88 ± 0.23 | < 0.0001 | 9.21 ± 0.64 | < 0.0001 |
| Yes | 399 | 5.15 | 18.96 ± 3.16 | 44.03 ± 4.98 | ||
| Serum CRP level (mg/dL) | ||||||
| < 1 | 4747 | 92.35 | 4.98 ± 0.25 | < 0.0001 | 9.96 ± 0.63 | < 0.0001 |
| ≥ 1 | 549 | 7.65 | 9.47 ± 0.99 | 23.68 ± 3.89 | ||
| Hypertensione | ||||||
| No | 3653 | 75.32 | 4.21 ± 0.21 | < 0.0001 | 6.09 ± 0.59 | < 0.0001 |
| Yes | 1659 | 24.68 | 10.26 ± 0.57 | 26.17 ± 1.95 | ||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | ||||||
| ≥ 60 | 4882 | 93.84 | 4.85 ± 0.24 | < 0.0001 | 9.24 ± 0.74 | < 0.0001 |
| < 60 | 406 | 6.16 | 16.16 ± 1.74 | 37.81 ± 2.85 | ||
ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NHANES III, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.
a) Weighted percentage based on NHANES survey weights. b) Defined as ACR ≥ 17 mg/g in men and ≥ 25 mg/g in women. c) Defined by sex-specific cut-offs: males = 0.90; females = 0.85. d) Defined as self-reported diabetes (answering "yes" to "ever been told you have sugar/diabetes"), but excluding women with a history of only gestational diabetes. e) Defined as systolic blood pressure (bp) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic bp ≥ 90 mmHg, or currently taking prescribed medicine for hypertension.