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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lab Invest. 2010 Aug 9;91(1):63–84. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.151

Figure 8. Proposed mechanisms of acute kidney injury induced liver dysfunction and systemic inflammation.

Figure 8

Acute kidney injury causes small intestinal generation of IL-17A and subsequent intestinal injury (villous endothelial apoptosis, epithelial necrosis, increased pro-inflammatory cell translocation and cytokine flux to the liver). These events cause hepatic injury (inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis) with increased generation and release of TNF-α and IL-6 systemically causing further multi-organ injury and systemic inflammation.