Table 4.
Review of literature of serologic studies to assess protective antibody levels in internationally adopted children.
| Hostetter [5] | Miller [6] | Schulpen [7] | Viviano [9] | Miller [10] | Cilleruelo [11] | Verla-Tebit [12] | VanSchaik [13] | Staat | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication year | 1998 | 2001 | 2001 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2009 | Current |
| Sample size | 26 | 70 | 133 | 70 | 50 | 637 | 465 | 495 | 748 |
| Countries of origin | E. Europe | All | China (98) | E. Europe & | EthiopiaEritrea | All | All | All | All |
| Russia | Other (35) | Russia (69) | |||||||
| China | |||||||||
| Age (months) | 36 (median) | 42.6 (mean) | 21.3 (mean) | 76 (mean) | 47.7 (mean) | 28 (mean) | 19.4 (mean) | 17.8 (median) | 15 (median) |
| Vaccination criteria | ≥3 DTPs | ≥3 DTP | ≥3 DTP | ≥3 DTP | NS | All | ≥3 DTP | NS | ≥3 DTP |
| ≥3 Polio | ≥3 Polio | ≥3 Polio | ≥3 Polio | ≥3 Polio | |||||
| ≥1 MMR | Any HBV | ≥2 HBV | 3 Hib | ||||||
| ≥1 MMR | ≥1 Measles | HBV by dose | |||||||
| ≥1 MMR or V | |||||||||
| Diphtheria | |||||||||
| Test used | NS | ELISA | ToBI | Neut Assay | – | ELISA | ELISA | ToBI | ELISA |
| Protective level | NS | NS | >0.10 IU/mL | >0.01 IU/mL | – | >0.10 IU/mL | ≥0.10 IU/mL | >0.10 IU/mL | >0.10 IU/mL |
| Percent protected | 35% | 88% | 61% (China) | 96% | – | 76% | 95% | 48% | 85% |
| 71% (Other) | |||||||||
| Tetanus | |||||||||
| Test used | NS | ELISA | ToBI | ELISA | NS | ELISA | ELISA | ToBI | ELISA |
| Protective level | NS | NS | >0.10 IU/mL | >0.10 IU/mL | NS | >0.10 IU/mL | ≥0.50 IU/mL | >0.10 IU/mL | >0.10 IU/mL |
| Percent protected | 35% | 61% | 58% China | 91% | 50% | 92% | 87% | 56% | 95% |
| 94% Other | |||||||||
| Polio | |||||||||
| Test used | – | Neut Ab | Neut Ab | Neut Ab | NS | Neut Ab | Neut Ab | Micro-Neut Assay | Neut Ab |
| Protective level | – | NS | >1:4 | ≥1:5 | NS | ≥1:2 | ≥1:40 | >0.10 IU/mL | ≥1:8 |
| Percent protected | |||||||||
| Type 1 | – | 58% | 71% (China) | 83% | – | 89% | 58% | – | 94% |
| Type 2 | – | 65% | 94% (China) | 99% | – | 96% | 82% | – | 96% |
| Type 3 | – | 62% | 79% (China) | 63% | – | 90% | 52% | – | 96% |
| Overall | – | NS | 65% (China) | NS | 50% | 86% | – | 58% | 93% |
| Hepatitis B (HBV) | |||||||||
| Test used | – | – | – | ELISA | Std Methods | ELISA | EIA | EIA | ELISA |
| 1 dose | – | – | – | Any = 69% | – | – | ≥2 = 94% | – | 50% |
| 2 doses | – | – | – | – | – | – | 61% | ||
| 3 doses | – | – | – | – | 76% | – | 77% | ||
| Overall | – | – | – | 12% | – | 76% | 60% | ||
| Hib | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 66% |
| MMRV | |||||||||
| Test used | – | ELISA | – | ELISA | Std Methods | ELISA | ELISA | – | See Methods |
| Measles | – | 90% | – | 62% | 80% | 79% | 81% | – | 95% |
| Mumps | – | 66% | – | 56% | 100% | 30% | – | – | 72% |
| Rubella | – | 79% | – | 86% | 60% | 38% | – | – | 94% |
| Varicella | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 38% |
NS = not stated; MMR = measles, mumps and rubella; V = varicella; ELISA = enzyme linked immunosorbant assay; ToBI = toxin-binding inhibition test; Neut Ab = neutralizaing antibody.
Studies not included in the table: In Murray [8] of 100 children tested, 70% had antibody to HBV while in 55 tested for varicella, 25% had protective antibody; In Miller [14] four children with written evidence of 3–6 polio vaccines had incompletely protective titers and in Saiman [15] only HBV immunity was assessed: protective antibody following 0, 1, 2 and 3 doses of vaccine was 31%, 24%, 67% and 69%, respectively.