. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 30.

Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010 Aug 11;62(13):1299–1306. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.003

Table 1.

Neuronal types induced by RA and other factors

Cell types	Inducing factors	Neuronal types
human embryonic stem cells mouse embryonic neural stem cell	RA+Shh	Cholinergic dopaminergic
Mouse embryonic neural stem cell	RA+CNTF	Dopaminergic
human embryonic stem cells	RA+BDNF, RA+TGFα	Dopaminergic
Mouse embryonic neural stem cell	RA	Glutaminergic
Adult neural stem cell	RA+FBS	mixed
Adult neural stem cell	RA+KCl	GABAergic
Human olfactory neural cells	RA+Shh	Dopaminergic
human embryonic stem cells	Oxysterol	Dopaminergic

Adapted from [39]. Abbreviations: RA, retinoic acid; Shh, sonic hedgehog; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; BNDF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; TGFγ, transforming growth factor γ; FBS, fetal bovine serum.