Table 1.
Final multilevel models predicting perceived short-term risks, long-term risks, and benefits of smoking
| Variable | Parameter | Short-term Risks |
Long-term Risks |
Benefits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed Effects | Initial Status/ Y-intercept (π0i) |
Intercept | γ 00 | 82.41*** (2.61) |
85.81*** (2.45) |
21.12*** (2.89) |
| Sex | γ 01 | − 0.18 (2.67) |
− 0.63 (2.47) |
6.10* (2.87) |
||
| Parentsmoke | γ 02 | − 0.84 (2.81) |
− 1.68 (2.63) |
− 0.46 (3.07) |
||
| Rate of Change/ Slope (π1i) |
Intercept | γ 10 | −1.57 (2.49) |
− 2.87 (2.29) |
− 2.45 (2.29) |
|
| Sex | γ 11 | − 4.25 (2.60) |
− 3.90m (2.26) |
− 1.29 (2.25) |
||
| Parentsmoke | γ 12 | 1.21 (2.73) |
− 0.63 (2.43) |
1.64 (2.43) |
||
| EverSmoke | γ 20 | − 10.41*** (1.82) |
− 7.81*** (1.73) |
6.19** (1.82) |
||
| FriendsSmoke (None) | γ 30 | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| FriendsSmoke (1) | γ 30 | − 1.63 (1.73) |
− 1.50 (1.70) |
1.99 (1.68) |
||
| FriendsSmoke (2-5) | γ 30 | − 3.04m (1.58) |
− 1.20 (1.54) |
− 1.21 (1.55) |
||
| FriendsSmoke (6-10) | γ 30 | − 5.54* (2.69) |
− 0.95 (2.59) |
2.76 (2.55) |
||
| FriendsSmoke (> 10) | γ 30 | − 6.02* (2.72) |
− 2.90 (2.70) |
− 2.74 (2.61) |
||
| Variance | Level 1 | Within-person | σ 2 e | 153.40*** (14.19) |
183.89*** (14.68) |
156.61*** (12.47) |
| Level 2 | In initial status/ y-intercept |
σ 2 0 | 195.00* (47.46) |
123.45* (43.47) |
334.51** (55.39) |
|
| In rate of change/ slope |
σ 2 1 | 56.58 (46.25) |
33.27 (36.62) |
64.52 (37.31) |
||
| Covariance | σ 01 | − 27.92 (42.11) |
8.95 (36.24) |
− 68.35 (41.21) |
||
| Amount of total variance explained |
0.1109 | 0.0745 | 0.0353 | |||
| Amount of within-person variance explained |
0.1670 | 0.1826 | 0.2742 |
Note. Ref = the reference category for the FriendsSmoke variable.