Table 1.

Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the study subjects

Characteristic	Progressor	Nonprogressor	P value
n	53 (28)	133 (72)
Age (years)	9.78 ± 6.35	12.79 ± 9.23	0.67
BMI z score*	−0.67 (−1.56 to 0.53)	−1.10 (−2.61 to 0.33)	0.07
Race			0.64
White	47 (88.68)	116 (89.23)
African American	0 (0.00)	2 (1.54)
Hispanic	4 (7.55)	10 (7.69)
Other	2 (3.77)	2 (1.54)
Sex			0.53
Male	28 (52.83)	77 (57.89)
Female	25 (47.17)	56 (42.11)
Relationship to patient with diabetes			0.09
Sibling	36 (67.92)	72 (54.14)
Offspring	15 (28.30)	38 (28.57)
Parent	1 (1.89)	6 (4.51)
Second-degree	1 (1.89)	17 (12.78)
Immunological factors
ICA titer (JDF units)	160.00 (80.00–320.00)	80.00 (20.00–160.00)	0.001
IAA titer (nU/ml)	385.10 (125.40–672.00)	156.70 (73.70–343.00)	0.001
ICA512 antibodies			0.01
Positive	32 (64.00)	50 (42.37)
Negative	18 (36.00)	68 (57.63)
GAD antibodies			0.674
Positive	38 (76.00)	86 (72.88)
Negative	12 (24.00)	32 (27.12)
Metabolic factors
IVGTT
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	87.66 ± 9.54	87.12 ± 9.18	0.67
Fasting insulin (mU/l)	17.02 ± 10.07	14.84 ± 9.50	0.17
FPIR (μl/ml)	145.22 ± 80.49	163.90 ± 105.84	0.2
HOMA-R	3.79 ± 2.69	3.25 ± 2.20	0.16
FPIR-to–HOMA-IR ratio	44.28 ± 19.20	59.93 ± 36.58	0.001
OGTT
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	86.26 ± 7.69	86.18 ± 7.85	0.95
2-h glucose (mg/dl)	113.25 ± 18.71	102.75 ± 19.17	0.001
Peak C-peptide (nmol/l)	5.09 ± 1.98	5.59 ± 2.26	0.16
AUC C-peptide (nmol/l)	472.13 ± 172.51	523.96 ± 21.698	0.12

Data are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range).

*BMI z score from 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth chart. JDF, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation.