Table 2.
Risk of acute pancreatitis associated with diabetes, antidiabetic drugs, and other factors (nested case-control analysis)
| Case subjects | Control subjects | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Adjusted* | |||
| n | 419 | 5,000 | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 128 (30.5) | 1,795 (35.9) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Smoker | 71 (16.9) | 623 (12.5) | 1.60 (1.18–2.17) | 1.48 (1.06–2.06) |
| Former smoker | 175 (41.8) | 1,909 (38.2) | 1.29 (1.01–1.63) | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) |
| Unknown | 45 (10.7) | 673 (13.5) | 0.94 (0.66–1.33) | 1.18 (0.81–1.72) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Nondrinker | 200 (47.7) | 2,082 (41.6) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Between 1 and 7/week | 92 (22.0) | 1,236 (24.7) | 0.77 (0.60–1.00) | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) |
| Between 8 and 29/week | 58 (13.8) | 895 (17.9) | 0.67 (0.50–0.91) | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) |
| ≥30/week | 45 (10.7) | 291 (5.8) | 1.61 (1.14–2.27) | 1.49 (1.02–2.18) |
| Unknown | 24 (5.7) | 496 (9.9) | 0.50 (0.33–0.78) | 0.72 (0.43–1.19) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 243 (58.0) | 3,489 (69.8) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Yes | 176 (42.0) | 1,511 (30.2) | 1.67 (1.36–2.05) | 1.37 (0.99–1.89) |
| Antidiabetic drugs | ||||
| Insulin | ||||
| Nonuse (366+) | 399 (95.2) | 4,650 (93.0) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Current use (0–30) | 19 (4.5) | 328 (6.6) | 0.68 (0.42–1.08) | 0.35 (0.20–0.61) |
| Past use (31–365) | 1 (0.2) | 22 (0.4) | 0.53 (0.07–3.94) | 0.31 (0.04–2.43) |
| Metformin | ||||
| Nonuse (366+) | 328 (78.3) | 4,261 (85.2) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Current use (0–30) | 75 (17.9) | 655 (13.1) | 1.49 (1.14–1.94) | 0.81 (0.56–1.15) |
| Past use (31–365) | 16 (3.8) | 84 (1.7) | 2.47 (1.43–4.27) | 1.18 (0.62–2.25) |
| Sulfonylureas | ||||
| Nonuse (366+) | 334 (79.7) | 4,460 (89.2) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Current use (0–30) | 69 (16.5) | 474 (9.5) | 1.94 (1.48–2.56) | 1.25 (0.86–1.80) |
| Past use (31–365) | 16 (3.8) | 66 (1.3) | 3.24 (1.85–5.65) | 2.58 (1.34–4.96) |
| Thiazolidinediones | ||||
| Nonuse (366+) | 396 (94.5) | 4,864 (97.3) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Current use (0–30) | 20 (4.8) | 117 (2.3) | 2.10 (1.29–3.41) | 1.25 (0.72–2.16) |
| Past use (31–365) | 3 (0.7) | 19 (0.4) | 1.94 (0.57–6.58) | 1.23 (0.33–4.66) |
| Other antidiabetic drugs | ||||
| Nonuse (366+) | 412 (98.3) | 4,962 (99.2) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Current use (0–30) | 4 (1.0) | 27 (0.5) | 1.78 (0.62–5.12) | 1.23 (0.40–3.78) |
| Past use (31–365) | 3 (0.7) | 11 (0.2) | 3.28 (0.91–11.82) | 2.56 (0.61–10.66) |
| Gastrointestinal disease† | ||||
| No | 107 (25.5) | 2,318 (46.4) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Yes | 312 (74.5) | 2,682 (53.6) | 2.52 (2.01–3.16) | 1.91 (1.50–2.45) |
| BMI | ||||
| 20–24 kg/m2* | 95 (22.7) | 1,242 (24.8) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| <20 kg/m2 | 15 (3.6) | 164 (3.3) | 1.20 (0.68–2.11) | 1.13 (0.63–2.02) |
| 25–29 kg/m2 | 154 (36.8) | 1,809 (36.2) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 131 (31.3) | 1,337 (26.7) | 1.28 (0.97–1.69) | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) |
| Unknown | 24 (5.7) | 448 (9.0) | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | 1.01 (0.60–1.72) |
| Paracetamol | ||||
| Nonuse (366+) | 240 (57.3) | 3,620 (72.4) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Current use (0–30) | 105 (25.1) | 732 (14.6) | 2.16 (1.70–2.76) | 1.65 (1.25–2.18) |
| Past use (31–365) | 74 (17.7) | 648 (13.0) | 1.72 (1.31–2.26) | 1.38 (1.02–1.86) |
| ACE inhibitors | ||||
| Nonuse (366+) | 3,892 (77.8) | 280 (66.8) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Current use (0–30) | 978 (19.6) | 124 (29.6) | 1.76 (1.41–2.20) | 1.37 (1.04–1.80) |
| Past use (31–365) | 130 (2.6) | 15 (3.6) | 1.60 (0.93–2.77) | 1.12 (0.61–2.04) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
*Adjusted for all variables included in the table plus age, sex, Townsend index, ischemic heart disease, and exposure to antibiotics, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, NSAIDs (including aspirin and coxibs), and other antihypertensive drugs.
†Includes gallstones, biliary tract disease, cholecystitis, gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, and others.