Table 3.

Association of GDM and overt diabetes with prevalent microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, CKD stages 1–2, and CKD stages 3–5 among KEEP female participants

Condition	GDM	P value	Overt diabetes	P value	No diabetes
Microalbuminuria vs. normal (n = 37,305)
Univariate analysis	1.34 (1.02–1.77)	0.04	1.93 (1.80–2.07)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
Multivariate analysis*	1.36 (1.03–1.80)	0.03	1.67 (1.55–1.80)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
Macroalbuminuria vs. normal (n = 34,101)
Univariate analysis	1.13 (0.42–3.07)	0.8	3.51 (2.87–4.29)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
Multivariate analysis*	1.13 (0.41–3.09)	0.8	2.68 (2.16–3.31)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
Macroalbuminuria vs. microalbuminuria (n = 4,026)
Univariate analysis	0.85 (0.30–2.36)	0.7	1.82 (1.47–2.24)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
Multivariate analysis*	0.93 (0.33–2.64)	0.9	1.56 (1.25–1.96)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
CKD stages 1–2 vs. no CKD (n = 31,581)
Univariate analysis	1.54 (1.16–2.05)	0.003	1.89 (1.75–2.04)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
Multivariate analysis†	1.54 (1.16–2.05)	0.003	1.68 (1.55–1.82)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
CKD stages 3–5 vs. no CKD (n = 34,833)
Univariate analysis	0.84 (0.65–1.09)	0.2	1.73 (1.64–1.83)		1.00 (referent)
Multivariate analysis†	0.94 (0.71–1.25)	0.7	1.20 (1.12–1.28)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)
CKD stages 3–5 vs. stages 1–2 (n = 9,018)				<0.001
Univariate analysis	0.55 (0.38–0.79)	0.001	0.92 (0.84–1.00)	0.06	1.00 (referent)
Multivariate analysis†	0.70 (0.46–1.05)	0.08	0.75 (0.68–0.84)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)

Data are ORs (95% CI).

*Adjusted for age, race, BMI, current smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, dyslipidemia, eGFR, and family history of kidney disease.

†Adjusted for age, race, BMI, current smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and family history of kidney disease.